Let's Talk Computer Audio

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You are correct- there are no RCA inputs- the M-Audio FastTrack Pro has 1/4" jacks for a line-in. The RCA's are easily adaptable to 1/4". Unfortunately, I couldn't find any USB sound cards with RCA inputs and a Signal to Noise ratio exceeding 100db, which is the standard I set for the sound card section of the web site.

Connecting a Turntable to the M-Audio FastTrack Pro

Here's what you need to do hook up your turntable to the M-Audio or similar USB sound cards with 1/4" TS jack. A high-resolution photo of the FastTrack Pro front panel may help you follow along.

Connect the record player to a pre-amp. The M-Audio doesn't have a phono pre-amp. It does have a microphone pre-amp but it doesn't work the same.
Connect 1/4" adaptors to RCA cables. The output from your pre-amp, whether it's a receiver or a standalone pre-amp, will likely output to an RCA cable. Attach RCA to 1/4" TS adaptors to the ends of these cables and connect them to the front jacks of the FastTrack Pro. These should be mono adaptors (TS) as opposed to stereo adaptors (TRS).
Set inputs to "Instrument." On the side of each 1/4" input, you will find a button that reads "Inst/Mic." Both buttons should be set to Inst.
Turn off "Pad." Just below the Inst/Mic buttons, there's a Pad button. Turn this off.
Set to "Stereo." To the right of the input jacks, there is a "Stereo/Mono" button. Set it to stereo.
Adjust gain. This is where you "set the levels" before your the analog signal reaches the analog to digital converter. Both gain knobs should be set to the same level. With a record playing, adjust the gain as loud as possible without the red "Clip" light flickering. LP is recorded at various volumes, so if you want to "set it and forget it," be conservative and set it somewhat lower than the level where you find clipping. Just ensure the green "signal" light is constantly lit.

That's what it takes to run your turntable through a FastTrack Pro.

A Good USB Sound Card is Hard to Find (with a line-in, that is)

The FastTrack Pro and similar, extremely quiet USB sound cards are designed with musicians in mind. They include XLR microphone inputs and mic pre-amps, 1/4" inputs for a guitar, MIDI inputs for keyboards and other digital music equipment.

All of the external USB sound cards I've found with an S/N ratio exceeding 100dB are similarly designed for musicians, namely the EMU 0404 USB and the Infrasonic Amon.

Typically, other USB sound cards have only outputs or, if they do have an input, it is only for a microphone (not a line level input).

I was only able to find one current USB sound card with a line-in: The Turtle Beach Audio Advantage SRM *. It has a S/N of 82dB. The line-in jack is a stereo 1/8" jack, not RCA.

Don't Forget USB Sound Card/Pre-amp Combos

The idea behind the "Upgrade Your Sound Card" section is to present excellent replacements to poor sound cards. However, there is another class of USB sound cards designed especially for vinyl ripping. These sound cards feature an analog to digital converter and a phone pre-amp built into one box that plugs right into your USB port.

See the section "Turn Any Turntable into a USB Turntable" for a complete rundown on these boxes.

These sounds card have RCA inputs and even a grounding screw. The ART PhonoPlus V2 even outputs to S/PDIF in addition to USB.

You can't directly compare the S/N of these sound cards to the line level input on traditional sound cards. The inclusion of a phono pre-amp invariably reduces the figure below 100dB. Keep in mind, though, even the best turntables don't break 80dB S/N, so as long as your sound card and pre-amp are quieter, you should be OK.

Volume Really Low on Crosley CR249 (Keepsake Turntable)

Jenny, May 15, 2009

I own the Crosley CR249 USB turntable and am having a difficult time with trying to get the burned cd's to have any volume using Audacity.

My question is, does the Crosley Keepsake Turntable have a built-in preamp? I cannot tell.

Thanks.

Re: Volume Really Low on Crosley CR249 (Keepsake Turntable)

Jeff (Editor), May 12, 2009

Original Volume Level

Click the record to hear a Pink Floyd clip recorded on the CR249. The volume is very low.

Volume Normalized

Listen to the same clip after raising the volume the max without clipping.

Volume Amplified 7.5dB

Listen to the CR249 clip after raising the volume past the clipping level.

The Crosley Keepsake Turntable does not have a pre-amp nor does it need one. The issue with the really quiet recording, in my understanding, is a problem with the analog to digital converter. Worry not, though, you can use Audacity to fix the problem.

The CR249 doesn't have a pre-amp because it uses a ceramic cartridge. Manufacturers use these, frankly, inferior cartridges so that they avoid the expense of a pre-amp. If it had a magnet cartridge, a pre-amp would be required.

Ceramic cartridges generate a strong enough signal for a normal volume level. However, in the Crosley, the recording volume is set very low at the A/D converter stage just before the audio goes out your USB cable.

On our USB turntable samples page, you can hear how low the volume is compared to Audio-Technica's and Ion Audio's USB turntables. It's very noticeable.

Image courtesy of Crosley

Crosley CR249-TA

Retail Price: $149.95

Listen to this turntable

Notable

Portable with built-in speakers. Comes in black and tan.
Plays 78 records, though you should change the needle.

Warnings

Ceramic cartridge

Manufacturer's Product Page

$0 *

Normalizing the Volume in Audacity

Audacity's Normalize Window

Select Normalize from the Effect menu in Audacity to bring up this dialog box.

"Normalizing" is the highest you can raise the volume without losing the loudest parts of the music. After normalizing, the peaks of your music reach the maximum amplitude but never exceed it.

Normalizing makes a huge difference in raising the volume level on the Crosley. Hear for yourself in the samples above.

When you normalize you albums, you should do it all at once, rather than song by song. There are two reasons for this. First, it's just easier. Second, it ensures that the amplification is consistent across the whole album- songs the artist meant to be quiet aren't suddenly blaringly loud.

Here's how you normalize your LP recordings using Audacity:

Record an entire album as you normally would. It is best to have the whole album in a single Audacity project.
Select all of the waveform. Hold down Ctrl and press A or choose "Select All" from the Edit menu.
Select "Normalize" from the Effect menu. The default values are ideal: Remove DC offset and maximum amplitude 0.0dB.
Click "OK" and you're done. After some processing, you will see the waveform grow dramatically with some parts reaching the top or bottom.

Amplifying Your LP Recordings in Audacity

Audacity's Amplify Window

Select Amplify from the Effect menu in Audacity. Use sparingly- it's bad for your music!

You can make your recordings even louder using Audacity's Amplify effect. However, the loudness comes at a price: It will destroy the recording's dynamic range.

Dynamic range (in audio terms) is defined as the ratio of the loudest sound to the softest. In a recording with good dynamic range, the difference in volume between a whisper and a symphony climax is extreme. The more you destroy your dynamic range, the closer in volume these events become.

It begs the question: Why would you want to do this to your music? Personally, I never would.

However, producers of popular music are increasingly making their music "louder" by destroying dynamic range. The phenomenon even has a name: "The Loudness War."

The sad truth is, if you don't want to reach for the volume knob when shuffling your LP recordings in with your digitally produced pop music, you must do something to compete with it.

Amplifying your music well beyond the clipping point is one way to do it and that's what we're describing here.

Another tactic is to deal with it on the playback end. The ReplayGain standard is an excellent solution, though still not widely supported.

With all my disclaimers and warnings out of the way, if you still want to go through with it, here's how to amplify your music in Audacity:

Record your LP as normal. Again, it's best to record have entire album available in the Audacity project window.
Select the entire waveform. Ctrl + A.
Select "Amplify" from the Effect menu.
Adjust Amplify settings. The further you move the slider to the right, the louder your music will be. A positive number in the "New Peak Amplitude" text box means you are going clip your music and destroy your dynamic range. Audacity doesn't want you to do this by accident, so you have to check the "Allow Clipping" checkbox before continuing. In my example, I could only bring myself to use 7.5dB. You'll have to experiment with this number yourself to decide what works best for you.
Click OK. After some processing, the waveform expands. The loudest points will be "through the roof."

S/PDIF Input Options for Under $100

Dave Angus, June 30, 2009

The ADSTech RDX-150 "Instant Music" USB sound box has Toslink optical S/PDIF input and output, as well as line level.

Quoting a post of mine on another forum:

I bought an RDX-150 on sale at Staples and had a look inside. The USB codec is a Burr-Brown/TI PCM2902E. Build quality looks pretty good (made in Taiwan, not China); the other chips are all major brands. It's got low-pass filters on the analog inputs and outputs, just like the evaluation board that TI sells for the PCM2902.

I figured the S/PDIF input would be useful with a turntable that had S/PDIF output.

For what it's worth, this article from AudioXpress reviewed a bunch of inexpensive preamps:

http://www.audioxpress.com/reviews/media/403hansen2090.pdf

Anyway, congratulations! Your site is doing a great service if it saves potential victims from wasting money on overpriced junk.

Re: S/PDIF Input Options for Under $100

Jeff (Editor), July 2, 2009

Image courtesy of ADS Technologies

ADS Technologies RDX-150

Retail Price: $56.20

Notable

Includes Spin It Again software, with almost a perfect score in the Vinyl Ripping Features checklist.
No phono pre-amp. You must supply one for RCA inputs. Not required for S/PDIF input.

Manufacturer's Product Page

$0 *

Image courtesy of RiteAV

RiteAV Coaxial to Optical Converter (196430)

Retail Price: $13.99

Notable

All S/PDIF turntables have coaxial outputs. ADS Tech RDX-150 doesn't have a coaxial S/PDIF input; it only has an optical S/PDIF input.
This box converts from coax S/PDIF to optical (Toslink) S/PDIF.

Manufacturer's Product Page

$0 *

Image courtesy of ARTcessories

ARTcessories USBPhonoPlus

Retail Price: $129.00

Notable

USB sound card and pre-amp in one
Coax and optical (Toslink) S/PDIF inputs

Manufacturer's Product Page

$0 *

Great find! The ADS Tech RDX-150 is an affordable solution for people who need an S/PDIF input and it's cheaper than the ART PhonoPlus v2. While it is missing the coax connection that all S/PDIF turntables have, that's fixable with an adapter. A huge bonus: The ADS Tech comes with Acoustica's Spin It Again software, a full-featured vinyl ripping program.

Comparison to ARTcessories PhonoPlus v2

Before you introduced me to this box, I only knew of one device to add an S/PDIF input to your PC for under $100. Now that I have a second, it seems appropriate to compare the ADS Tech RDX-150 to the ART box.

Cheaper: You can pick up an ADS Tech box for about half the price of an ART box. However, if you want to connect an S/PDIF turntable to it, you still need to buy an adapter. (Read on...)
No Coax S/PDIF Input: I have yet to find a turntable with an optical S/PDIF output- they are all coaxial. That's not a problem on the ART box: It has both an optical (Toslink) and coaxial input. The ADS Tech box only has an optical input. You need a separate adapter to connect an S/PDIF turntable to it. I found one on Amazon for $14, so, even with the added expense, you are still saving $30 or more over the ART box.
Vinyl Ripping Software The ADS Tech comes Acoustic's Spin It Again, a program designed specifically for digitizing LPs that retails for $45- a little more than the ADS Tech box itself. The ART box comes with Audacity, a general purpose audio editing program you can download for free.
No Phono Pre-amp If you are only interested connecting an S/PDIF turntable, this is not a problem. However, this might be a problem if you want to connect an analog turntable to your computer. Read more below.
Extra ART features The ART PhonoPlus v2 has many more connections, features and, of course, a pre-amp. Let's compare:

Feature	ARTcessories PhonoBox v2	ADS Tech RDX-150
S/PDIF In, Optical	Yes	Yes
S/PDIF Out, Optical	Yes	Yes
S/PDIF In, Coax	Yes	No
RCA In	Yes	Yes
RCA Out	Yes	Yes
USB Out	Yes	Yes
Headphone Out	Yes	No
Adjustable Gain	Yes	No
Rumble Filter	Yes	No
Clipping Indicator	Yes	No
Phono Pre-amp	Yes	No
Grounding Screw	Yes	No
Vinyl Ripping Software	No	Yes
Published Specs.	No	Yes

ADS Tech RDX-150: No Phono Pre-amp

Given that ADS Tech bills this box as vinyl digitizer, I find it strange that it is missing a phono pre-amp. After all, most turntables require a pre-amp and it seems like the lack of one inconveniences a large chunk of their target market.

The missing pre-amp is the precisely the reason why the ADS Tech RDX-150 didn't make it into the "Turn Any Turntable into a USB Turntable" section of the USB turntable guide. I can't claim that with this box, since extra equipment is required.

I suppose two arguments could be made for not including a pre-amp: One, it keeps the cost low. Two, at this price-point, if they were to include a pre-amp, it would be, well, a cheap pre-amp.

The excellent AudioXpress article you provided offers some great insight as to what might be lacking in a low-cost pre-amp. Particularly RIAA equalization accuracy and freedom from noticeable noise and hum.

Thanks for sharing a valuable addition to the sub-$100 S/PDIF input solution.

Solution for Digitizing Cassettes and LPs

Dr. Bebop, September 26, 2009

Does anyone know if there are good USB turntable setups, or pre-amp setups for analog turntables, which can also be used for digitizing cassettes (even if it is as MP3 and not WAV file)? Any thoughts on best USB cassette digitizers, otherwise?

Does the phono have to be hooked up to the amplifier, and the pre-amp and computer? That's more room to work with, in which case perhaps a laptop brought to the stereo is a better setup. Without the amp, setting up with the desktop is more workable.

Phono is an Ariston Pro and deck is Sony K707ES, both likely better specs than the USB versions, excepting top flight models.

Any way to digitize cassettes as WAV files, and not MP3? I know you can do WAV files from phono, and that's preferable, since there's no compression of the sound. MP3-cultured kids may not care, but I do. Any fave software? I heard good things about Cakewalk, but Spin It Again looked good on your site.

Thanks!- LP/cassette collection to go.

Re: Solution for Digitizing Cassettes and LPs

Jeff (Editor), September 29, 2009

Image courtesy of ARTcessories

ARTcessories USBPhonoPlus

Retail Price: $129.00

Notable

USB sound card and pre-amp in one
Coax and optical (Toslink) S/PDIF inputs

Manufacturer's Product Page

$0 *

Front Side of ART PhonoPlus V2.

Press the "Input" button in when recording vinyl and out when recording from tape.

It sounds like you already have an analog turntable and just need a way to digitize it. Our section, "Turn Any Turntable into a USB Turntable" might be worth checking out.

There you'll find a selection of boxes that include a phono pre-amp and USB output. For cassettes, you just switch off the pre-amp and you're digitizing at line-level.

The ARTcessories box is my clear favorite because it has so many options. However, it doesn't come with any special software- just a free program called Audacity. The program does the trick but it takes some time to learn.

The ION Audio box comes with EZ Vinyl Creator software. You can read my review of it. The software is easy to use but has some serious limitations, like MP3 only (no WAV).

Yes, you can connect your record player and cassette player to the same box. And no, you don't need to get your stereo receiver involved.

It might help to follow along with the ART PhonoBox pictures. Click the pictures to zoom in.

In the first picture, you have two RCA (red and white) inputs labeled, "Preamp Phono Line In." You would connect either your turntable or your cassette player here. There's even a grounding screw for your turntable.
It's a little hard to see but in the second picture, on the left, is a button that says "Input." Underneath it reads "Phono" when the button is pushed in and "Line" when the button is out. To record from your turntable, guess what, make sure the button is set to Phono. When recording from a cassette player, a DVD player, a VCR or just about any other audio source (aside from a microphone), set the button to Line.

There is some great software written to address the needs of digitizing from a record player. The top two in my "Vinyl Ripping Software" list are "Vinyl Studio" and "Spin It Again." Both also support digitizing cassettes.

I don't have formal reviews of these packages yet but you can read a mini-review and comparison at the Vinyl Engine.

Spin It Again and VinylStudio can both record to WAV. And I care about the difference too. Everything I digitize goes to FLAC (a more modern WAV-like format), then I convert the music to MP3 for portable devices, etc.

Cakewalk is great if you're a musician and want to produce music. It is not designed specifically for digitizing vinyl or tapes, though it is possible if you poke around enough. You can read my review of the version of Cakewalk that comes with some USB turntables.

Good luck with your digitizing project!

What USB Turntable to Put Under the Christmas Tree?

Marie Sanderson, December 5, 2009

My son asked for a turntable so he could listen to our old lps. I would like to find something that would allow him to transfer music to digital format.

From what I've read the best advice seems to be get a good turntable and not a usb.

He uses a Mac and is a music freak...his hobbies include guitar and drum playing. Can someone help me put something together?

Thank you.

Re: What USB Turntable to Put Under the Christmas Tree?

Jeff (Editor), December 5, 2009

Image courtesy of Ion Audio

Ion Audio LP DOCK

Retail Price: $299.95

Notable

Upgradable cartridge, adjustable gain, USB output
Record directly to an iPod (not as useful as it sounds).

Manufacturer's Product Page

Product Flyer (PDF)

$0 *

It's true that the better turntables don't have digital outputs. However "better" starts around $300 and quickly goes up from there.

If Santa's going to be that good to your son, take a look at the turntables in the "Superior Analog Turntables" section. Then get a one of the three boxes found in the "Turn Any Analog Turntable into a USB Turntable" section (the ARTcessories box is probably your best bet).

There are reasonable-sounding turntable for around $100. The trick is to avoid the really bad sounding ones also in that price range. You can listen to actual recordings from three turntables around that price on the Samples page.

Personally, I like the Ion turntables at this level. The LP Dock, at $129 on Amazon, is a great value for a few reasons:

It's expandable: You can upgrade the cartridge for even better sound.
You can adjust the recording volume: It is one of the few USB turntables with an "adjustable gain" at any price. This helps him pull the full fidelity out of quietly recorded LPs.
It has Mac software: All Ion turntables come with a program called, "EZ Vinyl." It lives up to its name- very easy to use. It's great way to get started, though he'll probably graduate to software with more advanced features pretty quickly.

I hope that gives you some ideas.

Re: What USB Turntable to Put Under the Christmas Tree?

Marie Sanderson, December 6, 2009

Thank you so much for your prompt and informative response. Santa is very happy to hear about the ION ..it's within his budget.

I must say I am quite grateful for your help. You made my day.

Thank you,

Marie

Gift of Bad USB Turntable Makes Neither Giver nor Receiver Happy

Bill Nelson, January 3, 2010

I received an Innovative Technology ITUT-201 USB turntable for Christmas. Although the quality level isn't up to my Technics SL-J33 Quartz Drive turntable, that one hasn't worked for several years and an authorized shop was unable repair it properly.

This one has a ceramic cartridge, but has the "advantage" of connecting directly to the USB port. However, my first few attempts at ripping music from my LP collection have been futile.

I've been using "Audacity" for ripping cassettes for months, and am fairly satisfied with the results. The turntable hasn't worked nearly as well. The audio envelope is clipped about 80% of the time and none of the level controls available have any effect.

I understand now, from the information on this site, that the USB input bypasses the audio card. If I can find some suitable conversion cables, do you think using the line out from the ceramic cartridge to the "line in" jack on the sound card would cure this problem? If not, do you have any other suggestions?

Thanks!

Re: Gift of Bad USB Turntable Makes Neither Giver nor Receiver Happy

Jeff (Editor), January 4, 2010

Image courtesy of Cables to Go

Cables to Go Female L/R RCA to 1/8" male adapter

Retail Price: $9.64

Notable

Left: Female stereo RCA connections for your turntable cable
Left: Male 1/8" (3.5mm) for your computer

Manufacturer's Product Page

$0 *

Image courtesy of Audio-Technica

Audio-Technica AT-LP120-USB

Retail Price: $299.00

Notable

Digital version of the reknown AT-PL120 DJ turntable.

Manufacturer's Product Page

Product Flyer (PDF)

Buy from J&R

$219.99 *

Image courtesy of Technics

Technics SL-1200MK5

Retail Price: $899.95

Warnings

Manufacturer's Product Page

$0 *

My suggestion? Return it while there is still time and exchange it for something better!

No matter how you connect it, this turntable will disappoint you. The ceramic cartridge pickup will never satisfy ears accustomed to hearing a nice Technics, linear-tracking turntable.

Using Your Sound Card Instead of USB

You can bypass the analog to digital converter built in to the turntable and use your sound card instead. However, if you believe clipping is occurring, a basic sound card is unlikely to help.

The cartridge itself generates the voltage that hits the line-in on your sound card in a ceramic cartridge system. If that signal is so "hot" that it clips analog to digital converter in the turntable, it is likely to do the same in the A/D converter in your sound card.

On better sound cards, you can attune a hot signal before hits the A/D converter (called "gain adjustment"). On basic, built-in sound cards, you can only adjust volume after the conversion, and the clipping, occurs.

To connect the Innovative Technology turntable to your sound card, just pick up stereo female RCA to 1/8" male adapter. Then plug it into the line-in jack of your sound card (just like the cassette deck).

Listen to Mine

You wrote at a perfect time- I just created samples from the same turntable (though a different brand name- Grace Digital Audio). The recordings, like yours, are noticeably bad.

And it skipped frequently, like the other ceramic cartridge turntable I tested.

Here's a sneak preview of the samples I produced. Compare them to your samples. Do they sound about as bad?

The Black Eyed Peas – Dum Diddy
Gorillaz – Dare (must hear!)
Pink Floyd – On the Run
Steely Dan – Peg
Fleetwood Mac - Rhiannon

Now compare these samples to those from similarly priced USB turntables with better cartridges. The Audio-Technica and the Ion are both moving magnet. The Crosley is another ceramic.

Make Everyone Happy- Exchange the Turntable for Something Better

You're in a situation where no one is happy. The person giving you the gift feels bad because it falls short of your expectations. You feel bad because you can't entrust this turntable digitally enshrine your cherished vinyl collection.

Thank the person who gave it to you but ask for the receipt. He or she probably bought it at Wal-Mart, JC Penny's or Kohl's.

Make everyone happy. Get a refund and use the money toward a better USB turntable.

Here's the Turntable I See for You

You have an 80's era Technics turntable that you can't repair. The department store put $100 in your pocket when you returned the bad USB turntable. You probably don't want to spend over $700 on a new Technics SL-1200. (Yes, they still make 'em!)

The answer: Audio-Technica just came out with a digital version of their SL-1200 imitator- the AT-PL120- and it's selling for around $300.

The digital version is the AT-LP120-USB. It's direct drive, comes with a cartridge pre-installed, has a built-in pre-amp and USB output. Most importantly, it has that Technics-like, 80's turntable charm for hundreds less than a new Technics SL-1200 package.

To be sure, the specs on the PL120 fall short of the SL-1200. But they beat the Innovative Technology turntable by a mile.

You Left Out 78 Records, You Insensitive Clod!

Steven C. Barr (who owns about 56,500 old 78's!), January 4, 2010

Your site says nothing about using current analog (or digital!) hardware to play "78's" even though most such gear offers that speed as a selection!

The most important point is not even mentioned, being the fact that 78 rpm records have groove sizes of .0025" to .004" This means that using stereo microgroove needles (often included with current players!) to play "78's" will provide poor results at best...and worse yet will quickly make the needle useless (or even dangerous!) for playing vinyl microgroove (33, 45) records!

None of the companies which make and sell current turntables says anything about this situation, so buyers often see the "78" on the speed selector and assume they can play 78's!

Re: You Left Out 78 Records, You Insensitive Clod!

Jeff (Editor), January 7, 2010

Coming Soon to Knowzy: Mozart on 78

Playing back century-old 78 RPM records is challenging. Yours truly will soon find out how challenging.

Another 78 from 1921

This was four years before the industry standardized on 78 RPM. At what speed should this record play? I’ll need to research that!

I'll admit that 78 record info is sparse but it's there. For example, I go into the subject fairly deeply in my review of the Crosley CR249.

But you're right- it's too little and not prominent enough.

Let's begin fixing this here and now with what follows. Eventually, the info in this thread will become the basis for a main topic in the turntable guide.

I do plan to try this out personally. I have some 78 records on loan from a relative. I just need to get the equipment to do something meaningful with them.

What Everyone Should Know About Digitizing 78 Records

Judging by your name, you wrote the book on 78 record collecting. I invite you to interject with nuance and corrections.

The bare minimum for getting reasonable sound and not damaging your records seems to be this:

A turntable with a 78 RPM speed and a 1/2" or P-mount.
A Stanton V500 cartridge
A special needle designed to fit much wider 78 record grooves.

But there's a lot more to it. Century-old shellac records aren't always in the best condition. Record makers used varying record speeds, materials, equalizations and cutting processes.

If you are committed to faithful reproduction of your 78 records, expect to put a great deal of time and money pursuing it.

Here's a brain dump of my knowledge on the subject 78 record archiving:

You need a special needle. Period. End of Story. In fact, you will find yourself with several types of styli if you get serious about 78 record restoration.
Regular needles sound terrible. If you put a vinyl needle to a shellac record, you will hear music. However, you will also get an unbearable amount of surface noise. There are two reasons for this:
- You're playing the dust and debris at the bottom of the groove. The groove on a 78 record is at least three times wider than an LP with a "microgroove." Your regular, vinyl needle will drop to the bottom of the groove where nearly a century of dust, debris and mold has collected. A needle designed for 78s matches the width of the groove and rises above the debris.
- Lower part of groove is likely worn. In the heyday of shellac 78 records, record player manufacturers advised you to change the needle with every play. Few followed that advice. This resulted in damage to the lower part of the groove. A wider, modern 78 stylus hits the untouched "sweet spot" higher up in the groove, where a vintage needle couldn't go.
78 records will damage regular needles, not the other way around. A common misconception is that using a modern, vinyl stylus on a shellac 78 record will damage the record. In fact, just the opposite is true- a 78 record will damage your vinyl needle, which, in turn, may ruin your LP records. Even the lousiest of vinyl needles will exert less than 10 grams of pressure on a record. Back in the early days of 78 records, needles placed an ounce (128 grams) or more of pressure on the shellac. 10 grams will have little impact on most 78 records. The rigid shellac grooves, however, will make a big impact on a delicate vinyl needle.
USB turntable manufacturers offer reckless advice on 78 record playback. The Crosley CR249 USB turntable has a 78 speed. However, Crosley doesn't make a 78 needle and the manual instructs you to simply switch to 78 and play. Similarly, you can't attach a 78 needle to most Ion Audio turntables. But that doesn't stop them from including a half page of instructions on recording 78 records. If you follow either of these companies' lead, you're likely to damage the next vinyl record you play.
Record in stereo, even though 78 records are mono. Often one side of the record groove is more damaged than the other. By recording in stereo, the inner grove becomes the left channel and the outer groove becomes the right channel. Listen to each individually and you may find one channel sounds better. Keep that one, and discard the other. Your recording will be that much better for it.
Getting proper speed is tough. 78 RPM (78.26 more precisely) wasn't standardized until 1925. Earlier records were recorded as slow as 67 RPM and as fast as 85. Sound HiFi in the UK will modify your Technics SL-1200 MKII to play at speeds between 71.29 and 90 RPM but it costs around $1,000. You can change the speed of your recordings in free programs like Audacity and Mixx. However, in my experience, such effects lead to choppy sounding music.
Getting proper equalization is tough. After 1955, records were produced with the bass lowered and treble raised according to the RIAA equalization standard. The pre-amp in a modern turntable system reverses this equalization making the record sound normal. 78 records had many equalization standards and none line up very closely with RIAA. If you use an RIAA pre-amp for 78 playback, it won't be perfect but at least the treble won't be overwhelming and the bass won't be underwhelming. Perhaps your best bet is to do a "flat transfer" then use your computer to apply the proper 78 equalization. Brian Davie's free Equalizer program contains all major 78 record equalization standards. Audacity's Equalization effect has several standards as well.
What equipment do you need? Very few companies make gear designed specifically for 78 records and very few retailers sell it. Here's what to look for:
- Cartridge: Stanton 500 (or 700 if you have a P-Mount). I can't recall ever seeing another cartridge recommended for 78 records in my research. Nearly all 78 needles still in production are designed to fit the Stanton 500/700.
- Styli (Needles): 78 needles are much wider than vinyl needles. A typical vinyl needle is around .6 mil (.0006 inches). 78 needles are between two mil and four mil to match the wider grooves. The following styli all fit the Stanton 500 cartridge.
  - Esoteric Sound manufactures a 3.0 mil stylus (model D5130E). They claim, "If you only buy one 78 stylus, this is it." At around $150 for a 78 record needle, you may not want to buy more than one.
  - KABUSA sells a range of needles in various widths. The widths start at 1.1 mil to and go as high as 4.0. Serious 78 archivists use many different size needles to match the varying characteristics of vintage records.
78 Record Info on the Web:
- Downloadable 78 Recordings @ cdbpdx: One man has put over 4,000 public domain 78 recordings on the web. Download them free. Lots of memorable music from artists such as: Count Basie, Hank Williams, Glenn Miller, Bennie Goodman, Louis Armstrong, Ella Fitzgerald, Peggy Lee and more. Get them individually or all at once through BitTorrent.
- Downloadable 78 Recordings @ Internet Archive: Find another 10,000 recordings from old 78 RPM records to download.
- Vintage 78s – Getting in the Groove: Excellent, detailed primer on archiving 78 RPM records as a hobby. Includes many photos, drawings and diagrams.
- From 78 to CD: A collection of anecdotes and advice on digitizing your 78 record collection from 78RPMRecord.com.

I apologize for glossing over this subject and I'm sorry you felt neglected. I hope this conversation will guide Knowzy readers with questions about digitizing 78 collections.

It's a "Stylus." Saying "Needle" Makes You Sound Stupid!

William Sommerwerck, September 20, 2010

I am semi-awed by the huge amount of work that must have gone into creating this article. However, almost every bit of technical information is wrong, to some degree or another.

In practice, this doesn't matter much, as anyone with a good technical grasp of turntable and pickup operation wouldn't be using a USB turntable in the first place. The fact that you're warning people away from ceramic pickups and encouraging them to use conventional turntables with a magnetic pickup and preamp is enough.

I do, however, encourage the writer to replace all occurrences of "needle" with "stylus". It looks really ignorant. "Needles" went out with acoustical phonographs.

Thank you.

Re: It's a "Stylus." Saying "Needle" Makes You Sound Stupid!!

Jeff (Editor), September 20, 2010

Thanks for your interest and compliments.

I am fairly new student to vinyl and I'm certain my guide is not 100% perfect. Fortunately, it's a living document and every word of it is up for discussion.

As my expertise grows, it is reflected in the turntable guide.

While I don't expect a point-by-point critique of flaws you see in the guide, maybe you can focus on a particular point that really stands out?

As to the term "needle" vs. "stylus," this is intentional but maybe I can be more concise about it.

One of the main goals of the guide is to introduce people to turntables. Terms like stylus, plinth and even turntable are often not in the "newbie's" vocabulary. But needle, body and record player are nearly universally known.

I tend to uses these terms interchangeably but maybe I should use the slang only to introduce the reader to the proper name. It's something to think about.

Thanks for writing and I do appreciate the feedback. I'm always striving to improve the turntable guide.

Re: It's a "Stylus." Saying "Needle" Makes You Sound Stupid!

William Sommerwerck, September 20, 2010

Thanks for your reply.

Simply replacing "needle" with "stylus" would greatly improve the page.

It would take quite a bit of time to correct all the errors, and it wouldn't improve the article in any practical way -- that is, help people do a better job of making digital dubs of LPs. I'm unemployed, and can't justify contributing unpaid time.

I'll look over the article and see if there are any errors that might cause users to do something wrong.

Oh, yes... One point overlooked... Records should be thoroughly cleaned before being transferred. The best way to do this is with a vacuum cleaning machine for LPs. They start at around $250.

Listening to USB Turntable While Recording

Michael, September 26, 2010

I am trying to decide which USB turntable to buy for converting my LPs to digital. The Autio-Technica LP120-USB is my preference.

Question: Can I monitor while recording? I would like to know if I will be able to hear the music through the computer speakers during (or preferrrably before) recording.

Re: Listening to USB Turntable While Recording

Jeff (Editor), September 28, 2010

Software Playthough Checkbox in Old Audacity Versions

Just open the Preferences dialog from the Edit menu and check it to listen while you record.

Software Playthough Checkbox in New Audacity Versions

Open the Preferences dialog, select Recording and check Software Playthrough to monitor your USB turntable while recording.

Yes, you can certainly listen to your turntable while recording from it.

If you are using Audacity, the program that comes with the Audio-Technica turntable, you will need to adjust a setting first.

Other programs like Acoustica's Spin It Again and AlpineSoft's VinylStudio have a similar setting.

Hearing Your USB Turntable During Recording in Audacity

Audacity is included with nearly every turntable on the market because it's free. You can download it yourself before buying your turntable and follow these instructions to enable monitoring.

Depending on which version of Audacity you have, the instructions are slightly different.

Older Versions of Audacity (prior to 1.3):

Select Preferences from the Edit menu
Look for a check box that reads, "Software Playthrough" and check it
Click OK and you'll hear whatever you're recording.

Newer Versions of Audacity:

Select Preferences from the Edit menu
Click "Recording" in the list on the left side of the window
Check the "Software Playthrough" checkbox
Click OK and monitor away!

The Technics SL-1200MK2 is No More!

Bradley Olson, October 23, 2010

Image courtesy of Technics

Technics SL-1200MK5

Retail Price: $899.95

Warnings

Manufacturer's Product Page

$0 *

I am just posting this to let everyone know that the Technics SL-1200MK2 is discontinued but the MK5 version of is still available.

Re: The Technics SL-1200MK2 is No More!

Jeff (Editor), October 25, 2010

Good to hear from you and thanks for the tip.

I replaced the MK2 with the Technics SL-1200MK5 in the turntable guide.

It appears that some retailers are raising their prices on the MK5. For example, Musician's Friend has it for over $1,000.

Let's hope that others don't follow suit.

Today, it's still pretty easy to find in the $700 range if you shop around.

What Happened to the Numark LP 2 CD?

Doug, November 13, 2010

I have a couple of questions. Why is the Numark LP 2 CD model no longer available on most online dealers?

Your review says that the ION LP2CD gives poor sound quality. Is it possible to improve the quality by using Spin It Again or other software?

Thanks.

Re: What Happened to the Numark LP 2 CD?

Jeff (Editor), November 16, 2010

Image courtesy of Ion Audio

Ion Audio LP 2 CD

Retail Price: $399.95

Notable

Burn directly to CD or connect to your computer via USB.
700MB internal memory. Perfect recording before commiting to CD.

Manufacturer's Product Page

Product Flyer (PDF)

$0 *

Image courtesy of Crosley

Crosley CR248-PA

Retail Price: $399.95

Warnings

Ceramic cartridge

Manufacturer's Product Page

$0 *

You're having trouble finding Numark's LP 2 CD because they no longer make it. However, Ion Audio's LP 2 CD is essentially the same turntable as far as sound quality.

If recording directly to CD is important to you, the Numark/Ion LP 2 CD is the top of the line. But that doesn't mean it's a great turntable.

Software such as Spin It Again and VinylStudio can clean up the audio but it can't add back what was never there in the first place. However, upgrading the cartridge would improve the sound quality.

Numark vs Ion Audio LP 2 CD

Numark now lists the LP 2 CD in its "Legacy Products" section. I'm having trouble finding anyone that still sells it.

The Ion Audio version (Numark and Ion are the same company) is identical in terms of the turntable parts. The cartridge, preamp, platter, tonearm and plastic body are all the same.

You shouldn't hear any difference in sound.

The differences between the Numark and Ion models are:

More memory. A unique feature of both versions is the ability to digitize your LPs to internal memory before burning the disc. This allows you to get the recording just right before you make a CD. It also means the noise created by the spinning CD won't creep into your recording. The Numark LP 2 CD gives you 1GB of memory to work with. The Ion gives you 700MB, exactly the size of an audio CD.
Possibly better A/D converter. The Numark boasts "Mastering engine, DSP, and CD burning by Alesis" The Ion makes no such claim. Alesis is a company acquired by Numark in 2001 after it filed for bankruptcy. Its claim to fame is the ADAT recorder. I don't know if the Alesis technology in the Numark LP 2 CD is limited to CD recording portion or if the analog to digital converter used in the USB output is improved as well.

Does the LP 2 CD Sound Terrible? Listen for Yourself.

Vinyl in general has sound quality limitations compared to CD or other high quality digital formats. The best you can hope for is a turntable setup that sounds as good as CD.

The problem with a turntable such as the LP 2 CD is the components just aren't of high enough quality to get anywhere near CD quality. No turntable in its price range is.

You can do much worse than the LP 2 CD, though. One thing to avoid on turntables in this price range is a ceramic cartridge, like the one found in the Crosley Songwriter (CR-248). The Ion/Numark LP 2 CD has a better moving magnet cartridge.

I have some samples from a different Ion turntable that should sound very similar to the LP 2 CD. I also have samples from a different Crosley.

Have a listen. While you'll clearly hear the difference between the CD and Ion, you'll also hear how bad it can get with the Crosley.

Can Software Improve the Sound of a Lousy Turntable?

Perhaps you've heard the saying, "Garbage-in, garbage-out." It definitely applies here. If the sound quality starts out poor, there's little you can do to improve it.

A better investment would be to upgrade the cartridge. Many USB turntables don't give you that option. Fortunately, it is an option on the LP 2 CD.

Software can remove hiss and hum. Software can remove clicks and pops. Software can raise the volume if it's lacking.

But if your turntable can't reproduce the low and high end of the frequency range, software can't put it back. If the turntable is wobbly, software can't fix that. If excessive noise drowns out the subtleties of the music, software can't revive them.

In short, digital tricks can clean things up a bit but they can't put back what is missing from the sound.

Direct Drive or Belt Drive. Which is Better?

Danny Weeks, November 28, 2010

I've reading the article about comparing turntables to record vinyl records to CDs. I was wondering which is best a direct drive turntable or belt driven?

Re: Direct Drive or Belt Drive. Which is Better?

Jeff (Editor), November 30, 2010

The direct vs. belt drive question has no clear answer and, among vinylphiles, is akin to asking which is the best religion or political party. It's a very divisive issue. But I can give you some guidelines to help you decide for yourself.

Belt Drive: Found on the Best and Worst

First off, when it comes to more expensive turntables, over $1,500, there is no question and virtually no choice: Belt drive wins hands down.

Bottom-of-the-line turntables, under $200, are usually belt driven as well, with poor results.

For example, none of the four belt drive turntables I tested spun at 33.3 RPM. One spun at 34.4 RPM, which raises a musical note by a half step.

Belt driven turntables rely on heavy platters to maintain speed stability. We're talking 15 pounds or more. Cheap belt drive turntables typically have plastic platters or, at best, two pound aluminum platters.

Direct Drive: Stable Speed but Possibly Noisy

Direct driven platters excel at maintaining a proper, stable speed. However, since the motor directly spins the platter, its noise can bleed in to the music.

A quiet direct drive motor serves you best, but again, that requires an investment. People praise the Technics SL-1200 as quiet and stable. But you'll be lucky if you can get a SL-1200 setup for less than $1,000.

Motor noise is less of an issue with a belt drive turntable. The pulley at the end of the motor is isolated from platter. Motor vibrations would need to travel through the belt to make it into the record playback- not an easy feat.

I've tested two direct drive turntables: The Audio-Technica AT-LP120-USB ($200) and the Stanton T.92 USB ($300). Both spun at exactly 33.3 RPM and strobe dots on the platter prove it. And I don't think I heard the motor, though there was plenty of noise.

No Clear Winner

The direct drive turntables I tested are more expensive than the belt-driven turntables. How would these direct drive tables compare to a better-built belt-driven table, like a Pro-ject Audio Debut III?

A well-built turntable will perform better than a cheap, plastic turntable, regardless of the drive system. For a belt drive, I think the weight of the platter is a great indicator of how well it will perform.

When two turntables are otherwise equal, the fierce direct vs. belt debate begins among vinylphiles. No clear winner ever emerges.

Is Cheap Gemini DJ Turntable a Bargain at $50?

Rawl Gelinas, January 20, 2010

Thank you very much for a very informative site.

I just purchased a Gemini VINYL2MP3 turntable from BJ's Wholesale which is "old stock". I talked with Gemini's support B4 the purchase and their tech told me this model was identical to the newer TT-1100USB you have reviewed. Just a model labeling change. The table is physically and electrically identical in all respects but was priced at only $ 49.99 plus shipping and tax through BJ's after the "coupon" (online only). Delivered to my door cost = $70. I would like to raise two issues with your review chart of features of the TT-1100USB based on the fact it is identical to the VINYL2MP3 model and my experiences with that one.

I think you should consider changing two answers in your Turntable Contruction chart columns for this turntable. First, the feet do adjust. Second, the optional light that looks like it would be a speed strobe light is just an platter illumination light. The hash marks on the edge of the platter are nothing more than decoration per their tech. The optional light will not indicate speed in any manner and in fact the RCA jack it plugs into puts out purely a DC voltage (I measured) not any type of oscillating or strobing signal as would be necessary to achieve the speed sync effect expected. I have a Technics SL-Q2 so I know what to expect. I wish the light did work as a speed strobe because the table has to be adjusted with a strobe disc and the pitch adjustment to get even close to correct speed. The middle of the pitch adjustment range was nowhere close to correct speed at 33 1/3 and the tech at Gemini said this was typical.

Finally, I should note that while this table functions pretty much as expected, it does exhibit excessive platter wobble. Since I bought this primarily to transcribe 78s and have also bought a dedicated shell/cartridge/3mil 78 needle as well as an Rek-O-Kut "Archival" pre-amp for this purpose, when playing 78s the wobble is enough to introduce quite noticeable audible noise floor rise especially on the outer tracks. This is most apparent at 78 speed.

Gemini is shipping the unit back to replace the spindle which is the cause of the wobble. That speaks well of their customer service but I wonder how many TT-1100's out their suffer from the same problem.

Feel free to reply with any questions of if you want an update after I get my re-worked table back from Gemini.

Cheers,

Rawl Gelinas

Re: Is Cheap Gemini DJ Turntable a Bargain at $50?

Jeff (Editor), January 21, 2011

Image courtesy of Gemini

Gemini TT-1100 USB

Retail Price: $209.95

Manufacturer's Product Page

Buy from Buy.com

$139.95 *

Thanks for the feedback on the Gemini VINYL2MP3/TT-1100USB. I can't experience every turntable in person and I always appreciate thoughtful, firsthand insight.

I made the corrections to the table. I can see claiming a strobe light was a mistake just by looking at the platter.

$50 is the cheapest I've seen a Gemini turntable. Amazon sells Gemini's new TT-1100USB for $105.

Gemini TT-1100USB vs. More Expensive DJ USB Turntables

The TT-1100USB is part of a class of cheaper DJ turntables that look promising based on their features: Moving magnet cartridge, aluminum platter, anti-skate, half-inch mount. What more do you need?

What you're describing sounds closer to a $100 "plastic toy" turntable. In fact, Gemini's VINYL2MP3/TT-1100USB is a mass-produced, OEM turntable direct from China.

These turntables really don't compare well to a more expensive, name-brand DJ USB turntables or your Technics SL-Q2.

TT-1100USB Compared to Better DJ Turntables
	Gemini TT-1100USB / VINYL2MP3	Stanton T.92	Audio-Technica AT-LP120-USB	Technics SL-Q2
Weight	8.1 lbs	19 lbs	23 lbs	15.3 lbs
Rumble	Not Published	-65dB	-50dB	-56dB
Body	Plastic	Metal	Plastic/Metal	Plastic/Metal
Drive	Belt	Direct	Direct	Direct (Quartz-controlled)
Cartridge	Gemini CN-15, $20	Stanton 500.V3, $50	Audio-Technica ATP-2, $70	Technics EPC-207C, Discontinued
Platter Rotation Speed	Incorrect	33.3 RPM	33.3 RPM	33.3 RPM (Presumably)

Why Isn't Proper Speed a Requirement?

It just baffles me that turntable manufacturers consider it acceptable to ship record players that spin too fast or too slow. In my mind, improper pitch dwarfs nearly all other sound quality issues.

Correct speed should be a requirement. But it's not for cheaper turntables.

I measure the speed of the turntables I test with a digital tachometer. None of the plastic, $100 USB turntables spins at the proper speed. One turntable clocked in at 34.4 RPM.

It seems as if you have to spend $200 on a turntable before you get a steady 33.3 RPM: The only two out of the six I tested with perfect speed out-of-the-box are the Audio-Technica AT-LP120-USB and the Stanton T.92 USB. Both have a strobe light that visually confirms their platters are spinning at the proper speed.

Re: Is Cheap Gemini DJ Turntable a Bargain at $50?

Rawl Gelinas, January 21, 2011

Thanks for replying.

[Gemini promises] they will resolve the problem which I am 100% convinced is due to a poor quality spindle where they mate a chrome plated piece that fits through the record's hole with a tapered brass piece that the platter fits onto. Either the brass piece wasn't turned well on the lathe or when they put the two together the result is not symmetrical about the vertical axis. This causes the wobble.

For giggles and grins, when I was in my local Guitar Center store this week, I examined the Stanton 92 to see if it was much better as to platter wobble. GC sells it for $299 so it should be. It was better but it also had platter wobble at the outer edge as well. By comparison, my old Technics SL-Q2 has virtually none. For a relatively modest increase in cost, these companies could make this one part much better and really increase the quality and specs of their products.

I read your online reply and have a couple comments. First, using a strobe disc I checked the speed of my Technics SL-Q2 and it syncs up at both 33 1/3 and 45 rpm. It has a real strobe light that also indicates lock at these two speeds respectively. The circuit uses a PLL so speed should not be a problem.

Using the strobe disc, I can get the Gemini to spin at the proper speed but at 33 1/3 only with a lot of adjustment of the fine pitch. Not as much at 45 or 78 rpm.

At the GC, the Stanton 92 synced up at 33 1/3 and 45 rpm but at 78 rpm it did not according to it's built-in strobe light and the platter's strobe patterns! And the fine pitch didn't help at 78 rpm. Perhaps it was in the locked mode but if so it should have synced up at 78 rpm.

I really wish I could have found a way to mod my Technics to play at 78 rpm but we'll see how Gemini does with their repair.

I'll see about uploading some pics.

Re: Is Cheap Gemini DJ Turntable a Bargain at $50?

Rawl Gelinas, July 5, 2011

I apologize for not following up sooner. I was shipped a replacement turntable that performs much better with respect to "wobble". Apparently the new table was hand selected by the tech support technician. Also it is labeled TT-1100 USB on the table and the felt pad is labeled just Gemini but it is otherwise identical in every respect to the one I purchased.

For $50 I am completely satisfied. It will let me transcribe my 78's without spending an arm and a leg on a better turntable just for that purpose.

If I end up doing enough transcriptions of 78's I will consider trading up.

The Turntable Guide Gets an Editor

Jack Pantry, July 29, 2011

The Knowzy USB Turntable Comparison Chart does not include the Pyle Pro PLTTB3U nor TLTTB2U turntables.

That chart does not include the Marathon Pro TT-101USB, which has been discontinued but there are still many of them out there for sale. I believe it is identical to the Gemini TT-1100USB.

That chart does include the Gem Sound GT-USB and DJ-USB even though I believe both have been discontinued.

That chart does not include the Ion TTUSB DC, which I believe can best be handled with a footnote since it is identical to the TTUSB, except it has a removable hard plastic Dust Cover.

That chart does not include the Ion TTUSB 05XL, which is identical to the TTUSB 05, except it has a LINE IN that the 05 does not have.

The Knowzy USB Turntable Comparison Chart cannot over emphasize how import it is for the overwhelming majority of users to have a turntable with an Offset Tone arm, to the point that there should be a Category to exclude those that do not. Or conversely, a Category to only include those that do not have an Offset Tone arm for users who know the consequences.

That chart does not indicate which turntables are Reversible, such as the Audio Technica AT-LP120-USB, Numark TTXUSB, Gemini TT-1100USB, and Marathon TT-101USB. There may be others.

That chart does not indicate which turntables have a Damped Tone Arm, such as the Audio Technica AT-LP120-USB, Numark TTXUSB, and Music Hall USB-1. There may be others.

While that chart does indicate which turntables have a hard plastic Dust Cover, it does not indicate which are hinged and which are merely removable.

That chart does not indicate which turntables have a Height Adjustment, such as the Audio Technica AT-LP120-USB and Numark TTXUSB. There may be others.

That chart does not indicate which turntables have a Target Light, such as the Audio Technica AT-LP120-USB, Stanton T.55 USB, and optionally the Gemini TT-1100USB and Marathon TT-101USB. There may be others. The Numark TTXUSB is rather clever in that they placed the Strobe Light so that it can also be used as a Target Light.

While that chart does indicate which turntables have a Variable Pitch, it does not indicate how different the Variable Pitch of the Numark TTXUSB and Stanton T.92 USB are from all the others, due to their internal DSP (digital signal processor) that allows them to change the pitch without changing the tempo, or vise versa. All others change both simultaneously. There may be others with a DSP that I am unaware of.

While that chart attempts to indicate which turntables have an Adjustable Counter Weight, it is very confusing to know that NP means Yes, and N/A means No.

The Audio Technica AT-LP60-USB does not have an Adjustable Gain.

The Brookstone iConvert USB does have a Pre-amp, which is necessary for it to have a Line Out, as well as a USB interface.

The Ion TTUSB does have an Adjustable Gain.

The Ion TTUSB10 does not have a Tone Arm Cue.

The Music Hall USB-1 does have an Offset Tone Arm.

The Sony PS-LX300USB has the Platter and Dust Cover descriptions reversed.

Re: The Turntable Guide Gets an Editor

Jeff (Editor), August 11, 2011

Image courtesy of Marathon

Marathon TT-101USB

Retail Price: $115.79